寒门难出贵子？斯坦福黑人教授：平等在于机会，不是给一个结果
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SNN:这是斯坦福大学胡佛研究所托马斯·索威尔的文章，翻出来一起学习，后附原文。“阶层固化,寒门难出贵子，看不到未来”话题在中国是热门，在美也一样，美国寒门难出贵子的研究报告更多，最后多落点到种族和性别歧视造成的上升通道障碍，然后就有PROP16(ACA5)这样喊着要平等实则搞种族分裂的提案，要概率均分 要结果平等，而不是机会。
非裔美国人研究员托马斯·索威尔（Thomas Sowell）在“AA优待行动”研究中发现，全球的种族优待政策并未达到预期，并且多数产生了与原计划相反的结果。托马斯·索维尔（Thomas Sowell）1930年6月30日出生，美国著名经济学家，芝加哥经济学派的代表人物之一。托马斯·索威尔（Thomas Sowell）是位于斯坦福大学（CA 94305）的斯坦福大学胡佛研究所的高级研究员。网站www.tsowell.com。
美国“阶层固化”
向上流动有肤色障碍？
其实你想要的只是平等的结果
下面为译文：
最近的日子似乎这样的言论很多很多，有些研究者声称，对于那些经济社会水平较低的人来说，美国已经失去了向上流动的能力。但是我认为：向上的“流动性”（定义为上升机会）与流动性（实际上已经上升）之间其实有明显的不同。
大多数研究甚至很少提到这种区别：好像每个人都在争先恐后地走向成功，而那些没有实现上升的人已经被“社会”创造的“障碍”所阻止。
当统计数据表明，你的高中辍学的儿子成为博士或科学家的概率，不如博士学位的儿子高时，这就被视为美国社会不公平的标志。
如果实现目标的平等概率是您对公平的定义，那么我们应该聚在一起—各个种族，肤色，信条，国籍，政治思想观念，性取向的人们都在一起，做出个规定，其实在记录的所有几千年的历史上，在任何地方或任何时间，生活从来都不是公平的。
我知道，我从来没有像鲁道夫·努里耶夫（Rudolph Nureyev）这样的优秀芭蕾舞演员有过平等的机会。
当我在哈莱姆长大的那几年，成为芭蕾舞演员的想法从来没有想到过。我怀疑同样的想法也从未在纽约下东区长大的大多数人的脑海中浮现。
我们无法跟随鲁道夫·努里耶夫跳舞的步伐？这是否意味着存在不公平的障碍，
一位非常杰出的学者曾经在一次社交聚会上提到，作为一个年轻人，他不打算上大学，除非其他人意识到他的能力，敦促他这样做。
另一位非常杰出的学者告诉我，尽管他的父母是反犹太的，但事实是他与许多犹太儿童一起上了一所学校，这使他对知识分子产生了兴趣，并促使他进入了学术生涯。
所有的团体，家庭和文化甚至都没有想去尝试做同样的事情，因此，他们并没有在所有地方都平等地得到代表，很难自动归因于“社会”造成的“障碍”。
障碍是外部的障碍，有别于内部价值观和愿望–除非您要玩那种将成就重新定义为“特权”的文字游戏，并且将没有歧视证据的情况也可以视为其恶性化和隐蔽歧视。
北加州一家媒体头版曾经刊登了标题为“被剥夺的承诺”的文章，对女性在计算机工程领域的代表性不足表示遗憾。内页上长篇文章的后续标题为：“谁是它的罪魁祸首？”
换句话说，现实与知识分子的先入之见不符的事实表明，现实存在某些问题就必须有些人群对此负责，被谴责？显然是他们的先入为主。
与许多其他群体相似，女性群体似乎并不致力于满足这些知识分子中普遍存在的恋物癖，即“每个人口群体在各个地方均应得到平等的充分代表”。
女性有自己的议程，如果这些议程通常不包括计算机工程，该怎么办？选拔妇女进入工程学校以满足我们自以为是的救世主的先入之见吗？还是宣传运动足以满足那些认为自己应该为其他人做出选择的人们？
这种想法也使得我们搞出来一个“奥巴马医保”。
最近关于社会流动性的著名统计研究中至少有一项没有包含亚裔美国人。亚洲移民包括美国出生的摩门教徒在内的许多群体，其杰出的成就已经完全打破人们认为在美国很少实现向上流动的观念。
那些宣扬适得其反的信息的人可能永远不会认为，他们所宣扬的嫉妒，怨恨和绝望以及所促进的福利状态是使人们沮丧的因素之一。
记住王清福的话
当你站到投票箱前
他们才拿你当兄弟 拿啤酒招待你
对那些继续喊说Prop16有利亚裔的人,
建议大家不去争论了，
因为那些人的认识跟你不在同一个水平上，
鸡同鸭讲 白费口舌
转评：
中美半导体撕逼，
结果是台湾失去了台积电；
黑白人种族撕逼，
结果是亚裔没了受教育权；
你不站队，站队的就会占了你，
这就是现实！
被誉为美国华人维权第一人的王清福
早在一百多年前就看到了参与政治的重要性。
他忠告有选举权的在美华人：
如果你不打算投票或者不投票，
政治人物把你看成一只爬虫。
但是一旦你到了投票箱前，
他们就把你当作一个人，当作兄弟，
拿雪茄、威士忌和啤酒招待你。
When you don’t vote or don’t wish to vote, he (the politician) denounces you as a reptile; the moment you appear at the ballot box you are a man and a brother and are treated to cigars, whiskies, and beers.
美国这谚语：
If you are not at the table
you are on the menu.
如果你不坐上餐台，就会在菜单上
It seems as if everywhere you turn these days, there are studies claiming to show that America has lost its upward mobility for people born in the lower socioeconomic levels. But there is a sharp difference between upward "mobility," defined as an opportunity to rise, and mobility defined as actually having risen.
That distinction is seldom even mentioned in most of the studies. It is as if everybody is chomping at the bit to get ahead, and the ones that don't rise have been stopped by "barriers" created by "society."
When statistics show sons of high school dropouts don't become doctors or scientists nearly as often as the sons of Ph.D.s, that is taken as a sign that American society is not "fair."
If equal probabilities of achieving some goal is your definition of fairness, then we should all get together — people of every race, color, creed, national origin, political ideology and sexual preference — and stipulate that life has never been fair, anywhere or any time in all the millennia of recorded history.
Then we can begin at last to talk sense.
I know that I never had an equal chance to become a great ballet dancer like Rudolph Nureyev.
The thought of becoming a ballet dancer never once crossed my mind in all the years when I was growing up in Harlem. I suspect the same thought never crossed the minds of most of the guys growing up on New York's lower east side.
Does that mean there were unfair barriers keeping us from following in the footsteps of Rudolph Nureyev?
A very distinguished scholar once mentioned at a social gathering that, as a young man, he was not thinking of going to college until someone else, who recognized his ability, urged him to do so.
Another very distinguished scholar told me that, although his parents were anti-Semitic, it was the fact he went to a school with many Jewish children that got him interested in intellectual matters and led him into an academic career.
All groups, families and cultures are not even trying to do the same things, so the fact they do not all end up equally represented everywhere can hardly be automatically attributed to "barriers" created by "society."
Barriers are external obstacles, as distinguished from internal values and aspirations — unless you are going to play the kind of word games that redefine achievements as "privileges" and treat an absence of evidence of discrimination as only proof of how diabolically clever and covert the discrimination is.
The front page of a local newspaper in northern California featured the headline "The Promise Denied," lamenting the under-representation of women in computer engineering. The continuation of this long article on an inside page had the headline, "Who is to blame for this?"
In other words, the fact that reality does not match the preconceptions of the intelligentsia shows there is something wrong with reality, for which somebody must be blamed. Apparently their preconceptions cannot be wrong.
Women, similar to so many other groups, seem not to be dedicated to fulfilling the prevailing fetish among the intelligentsia that every demographic group should be equally represented in all sorts of places.
Women have their own agendas, and if these agendas do not usually include computer engineering, what is to be done? Draft women into engineering schools to satisfy the preconceptions of our self-anointed saviors? Or will a propaganda campaign be sufficient to satisfy those who think that they should be making other people's choices for them?
That kind of thinking is how we got "Obamacare."
At least one of the recent celebrated statistical studies of social mobility leaves out Asian Americans. Immigrants from Asia are among a number of groups, including American-born Mormons, whose achievements totally undermine the notion that upward mobility can seldom be realized in America.
Those who preach this counterproductive message will probably never think that the envy, resentment and hopelessness they preach, and the welfare state they promote, are among the factors keeping people down.
原文
https://www.daily-journal.com/opinion/columnists/national/thomas-sowell-equality-is-in-opportunity-not-in-results/article_284fad1b-b4bb-5d09-a4aa-7daaf721f4e6.html
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